Yaqala nge-spandex, i-anagram "yokwandisa" enobuchule eyenziwe ngusokhemesti waseDuPont uJoseph Shivers.
Ngo-1922, uJohnny Weissmuller wafumana udumo ngokudlala iTarzan kwimuvi. Wawugqiba umdyarho weemitha ezili-100 kwimizuzwana engama-58.6 ngaphantsi komzuzu, nto leyo yothusa ihlabathi lezemidlalo. Kwakungekho mntu ukhathalayo okanye oqaphelayo uhlobo lwempahla yokuqubha ayinxibileyo. Ngumqhaphu olula. Yahluke kakhulu kwisuti yobugcisa obuphezulu eyayinxitywa nguCaleb Drexel waseMerika owaphumelela imbasa yegolide kwimizuzwana engama-47.02 kwiiOlimpiki zaseTokyo!
Ewe, kwiminyaka eyi-100, iindlela zoqeqesho zitshintshile, nangona i-Weissmuller igxininisa indlela yokuphila. Waba ngumlandeli onomdla wokutya kwemifuno kaGqr. John Harvey Kellogg, enema kunye nokuzilolonga. I-Dressel ayingomdli wemifuno. Uthanda i-meatloaf kwaye uqala usuku lwakhe ngesidlo sakusasa se-carb ephezulu. Owona mahluko kuqeqesho. UDrexel uqhuba uqeqesho lobuqu olusebenzayo kwi-intanethi koomatshini bokubheqa kunye neebhayisekile ezimileyo. Kodwa akukho mathandabuzo okuba i-swimsuit yakhe nayo iyawenza umahluko. Ngokuqinisekileyo akukho xabiso lemizuzwana ye-10, kodwa xa abadadi abaphezulu banamhlanje bahlulwe ngeqhezu lesibini, ilaphu kunye nesitayela se-swimsuit sibaluleke kakhulu.
Nayiphi na ingxoxo malunga neteknoloji ye-swimsuit kufuneka iqale ngommangaliso we-spandex. I-Spandex yimathiriyeli eyenziweyo enokuthi yolule njengerabha kwaye ibuyele ngomlingo kubume bayo bokuqala. Kodwa ngokungafaniyo nerabha, inokuveliswa njengemicu kwaye inokulukwa ibe ngamalaphu. I-Spandex yi-anagram "yokwandisa" ehlakaniphile eyenziwe ngu-DuPont chemist uJoseph Schiffer phantsi kwesikhokelo sikaWilliam Chachi, odume ngokuqulunqa i-cellophane engangeni manzi ngokugquma izinto ezinomaleko we-nitrocellulose. Ukusungula iimpahla zemidlalo yayingeyiyo injongo yokuqala kaShivers. Ngelo xesha, imibhinqo eyenziwe ngerabha yayiyinto eqhelekileyo kwimpahla yabasetyhini, kodwa imfuneko yerabha yayinqongophele. Ucelomngeni yayikukuqulunqa izinto ezenziweyo ezazinokusetyenziselwa imibhinqo esinqeni njengenye indlela.
I-DuPont yazise iipolymers ezifana nenayiloni kunye nepolyester kwimarike kwaye inolwazi olubanzi ekuhlanganiseni kwee-macromolecules. I-Shivers ivelisa i-spandex ngokwenza i-"block copolymers" kunye namacandelo atshintshanayo kunye ne-regid. Kukho amasebe anokuthi asetyenziswe "kwi-crosslink" iimolekyuli ukunika amandla. Isiphumo sokudibanisa i-spandex kunye nekotoni, ilinen, i-nylon okanye uboya buyizinto eziphathekayo kwaye zikhululekile ukugqoka. Njengoko iinkampani ezininzi zaqala ukuvelisa eli laphu, iDuPont yafaka isicelo selungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza kwinguqulelo yayo yespandex phantsi kwegama elithi “Lycra”.
Ngowe-1973, iindadi zaseMpuma Jamani zazinxiba iimpahla zokuqubha zespandex okokuqala, besaphula iirekhodi. Oku kunokunxulumana ngakumbi nokusetyenziswa kwabo kwe-steroids, kodwa kwenza i-Speedo's gear competitive gear turn. Yasekwa ngo-1928, inkampani ingumenzi we-swimsuit esekwe kwisayensi, ithatha indawo yomqhaphu kunye nesilika kwii-swimsuits zayo ze-"Racerback" ukunciphisa ukuxhathisa. Ngoku, iqhutywa yimpumelelo yamaJamani aseMpuma, i-Speedo yatshintshela kwi-spandex nge-Teflon, yaza yamilisela iinduli ezincinci ezimilise okwe-V njengesikhumba sikakrebe kumphezulu, ekuthiwa yehlisa isiphithiphithi.
Ngo-2000, oku kuye kwavela kwisambatho esipheleleyo somzimba esanciphisa ngakumbi ukuxhathisa, njengoko amanzi afunyaniswa ukuba abambelele esikhumbeni ngokuqinileyo kunempahla yokudada. Ngo-2008, iipaneli ze-polyurethane ezibekwe ngobuchule zathatha indawo ye-polytetrafluoroethylene. Eli laphu ngoku lenziwe ngeLycra, inayiloni kunye nepolyurethane lifunyenwe libambe iipokotho ezincinci zomoya ezenza ukuba iindadi zidada. Inzuzo apha kukuba ukuchasana komoya kuncinci kunokumelana namanzi. Ezinye iinkampani zizama ukusebenzisa iisuti zepolyurethane ezisulungekileyo kuba ezi zinto zifunxa umoya kakuhle. Nganye kwezi "mpumelelo", ixesha liyancipha kwaye amaxabiso anyuke. Isuti yobugcisa obuphezulu ngoku inokubiza ngaphezulu kweedola ezingama-500.
Ibinzana elithi “izivuseleli zobugcisa” liye langena kwisigama sethu. Ngo-2009, i-International Swimming Administration (FINA) yagqiba ekubeni ilungelelanise ibala kwaye ivale zonke iimpahla zokuqubha ezigcwele umzimba kunye naziphi na iimpahla zokuqubha ezenziwe ngamalaphu angalukwanga. Oku akukhange kuthintele ugqatso lokuphucula iisuti, nangona inani lemiphezulu yomzimba abanokuligquma ngoku lilinganiselwe. KwiiOlimpiki zaseTokyo, iSpeedo yaphehlelela enye isuti entsha eyenziwe ngamalaphu amathathu amalaphu ahlukeneyo, isazisi sayo silulwazi lobunikazi.
ISpandex ayiphelelanga kwimpahla yokuqubha. Abatyibilizi, njengabakhweli beebhayisikile, bacudisa kwisuti ye-spandex egudileyo ukunciphisa ukuxhathisa emoyeni. Iimpahla zangaphantsi zabasetyhini zisabala inxalenye enkulu yeshishini, kwaye i-spandex ide iyenze ibe yi-leggings kunye ne-jeans, icinezele umzimba kwindawo efanelekileyo ukufihla amaqhuma angamkelekanga. Ngokubhekiselele kwizinto ezintsha zokubhukuda, mhlawumbi abagqatswa baya kutshiza imizimba yabo ehamba ze ngepolymer ethile ukuphelisa naluphi na ukuxhathisa kwe-swimsuit! Ngapha koko, ii-Olympians zokuqala zakhuphisana ze.
UJoe Schwarcz ungumlawuli weOfisi yeNzululwazi kunye noMbutho weYunivesithi yaseMcGill (mcgill.ca/oss). Ubamba iThe Dr. Joe Show kwi-CJAD Radio 800 AM rhoqo ngeCawa ukusuka nge-3 ukuya ku-4 malanga.
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Ixesha lokuposa: Oct-22-2021