Yakatanga ne spandex, ane hungwaru "kuwedzera" anagram yakagadzirwa neDuPont chemist Joseph Shivers.
Muna 1922, Johnny Weissmuller akawana mukurumbira wekutamba Tarzan mufirimu. Akapedza 100-metres freestyle mumasekonzi 58.6 isingasviki miniti imwe, zvakashamisa nyika yemitambo. Hapana akaita hanya kana kuona kuti akanga akapfeka sutu yerudzii. Ikotoni iri nyore. Zvakasiyana chaizvo nesutu yemhando yepamusoro inopfekwa naCaleb Drexel wekuAmerica uyo akahwina menduru yegoridhe mumasekonzi 47.02 kuTokyo Olympics!
Ehe, mukati memakore zana, nzira dzekudzidzisa dzakashanduka, kunyangwe Weissmuller ichisimbisa mararamiro. Akave muteveri ane shungu wekudya kwemuriwo kwaDr. John Harvey Kellogg, enema uye maekisesaizi. Dressel haisi yemuriwo. Anofarira nyamaloaf uye anotanga zuva rake ne-high-carb breakfast. Musiyano chaiwo uri mukudzidziswa. Drexel inoitisa online inopindirana kudzidziswa pamunhu pamakina ekukwasva nemabhasikoro akamira. Asi hapana mubvunzo kuti swimsuit yake inoitawo musiyano. Zvechokwadi kwete kukosha kwemasekonzi gumi, asi apo vanoshambira vemazuva ano vanoparadzaniswa nechikamu chechipiri, jira uye chimiro che swimsuit zvinova zvakakosha.
Chero nhaurirano nezve tekinoroji yekushambira inofanira kutanga nechishamiso che spandex. Spandex chinhu chekugadzira chinogona kutambanudza serabha uye nemashiripiti kudzokera kune chimiro chayo chepakutanga. Asi kusiyana nerabha, inogona kugadzirwa muchimiro cheshinda uye inogona kurukwa kuita machira. Spandex inyanzvi "yekuwedzera" anagram yakagadziridzwa naDuPont chemist Joseph Schiffer achitungamirwa naWilliam Chachi, ane mukurumbira wekugadzira cellophane isingapinde mvura nekuputira zvinhu nedhiri re nitrocellulose. Kugadzira zvipfeko zvemitambo kwanga kusiri chinangwa chekutanga cheShivers. Panguva iyoyo, mabhandi emuchiuno aigadzirwa nerabha ndiwo aiwanzopfeka zvipfeko zvevakadzi, asi kudiwa kwerabha kwakanga kuri kushoma. Dambudziko raive rekugadzira zvinhu zvekugadzira zvinogona kushandiswa kugadzira bhandi remuchiuno seimwe nzira.
DuPont yakaunza mapolymers akadai senaironi nepolyester kumusika uye ine hunyanzvi hwakakura mukugadzirisa kwema macromolecules. Shivers inogadzira spandex nekugadzira "block copolymers" nealternating elastic uye akaomarara zvikamu. Kune zvakare matavi anogona kushandiswa ku "crosslink" mamorekuru kupa simba. Mhedzisiro yekubatanidza spandex nekotoni, yerineni, nylon kana mvere dzemakushe chinhu chakasimba uye chakasununguka kupfeka. Makambani mazhinji paakatanga kugadzira jira iri, DuPont yakanyorera patent yeshanduro yayo yespandex pasi pezita rekuti "Lycra".
Muna 1973, vashahwi veEast Germany vakapfeka zvipfeko zvekushambira zvespandex kekutanga, vachityora marekodhi. Izvi zvinogona kunge zvine hukama nekushandisa kwavo steroid, asi zvinoita kuti Speedo's yemakwikwi giya kutendeuka. Yakavambwa muna 1928, kambani iyi inogadzira sainzi-based swimsuit, inotsiva donje nesirika mune yayo "Racerback" swimsuits kuderedza kuramba. Iye zvino, ichisundwa nekubudirira kweEast Germanys, Speedo yakachinja kuita spandex neTeflon, uye yakagadzira tutubu twakaita V seganda reshaki pamusoro, izvo zvinonzi zvinoderedza kusagadzikana.
Pakazosvika gore ra2000, izvi zvakanga zvashanduka kuva sutu yakazara-muviri iyo yakawedzera kuderedza kushorwa, sezvo mvura yakawanikwa inonamatira paganda zvakasimba kupfuura zvinhu zvekushambira. Muna 2008, mapaneru akaiswa zvine hungwaru akatsiva polytetrafluoroethylene. Iri jira rava kuumbwa neLycra, naironi uye polyurethane rakawanikwa richiteya tuhomwe twemhepo tunoita kuti vanoshambira vayangamire. Zvakanakira pano ndezvokuti kushomeka kwemhepo kudiki pane kushomeka kwemvura. Mamwe makambani anoedza kushandisa yakachena polyurethane masutu nekuti chinhu ichi chinotora mweya zvakanyanya. Nechimwe nechimwe che "kubudirira" uku, nguva inoderera uye mitengo inokwira. Sutu yemhando yepamusoro-soro inogona kuita mari inodarika madhora mazana mashanu.
Shoko rokuti “technical stimulants” rakapinda mumashoko edu. Muna 2009, International Swimming Administration (FINA) yakasarudza kudzikamisa munda uye kurambidza zvipfeko zvese zvekushambira uye chero mbatya dzakagadzirwa nemachira asina kuruka. Izvi hazvina kumisa nhangemutange yekuvandudza masutu, kunyangwe huwandu hwenzvimbo dzemuviri dzavanogona kuvhara ikozvino hushoma. KumaTokyo Olympics, Speedo yakatanga imwe sutu yekugadzira yakagadzirwa nematanho matatu emachira akasiyana, ayo anozivisa ruzivo rwevaridzi.
Spandex haingogumiri pakushambira. Vanotsvedza, sevatyairi vemabhasikoro, vanosvina mune yakatsetseka spandex sutu kuderedza mhepo. Zvipfeko zvemukati zvevakadzi zvichiri kuverengera chikamu chikuru chebhizinesi, uye spandex inotoita kuti ive leggings uye jeans, ichidzvanya muviri munzvimbo yakanaka yekuvanza mabundu asingafarirwe. Nezvekushambira innovation ine chekuita, pamwe vakwikwidzi vanongopfapfaidza miviri yavo yakashama neimwe polymer kuti vabvise chero kushambira kwekushambira! Mushure mezvose, maOlympians ekutanga akakwikwidza asina kupfeka.
Joe Schwarcz ndiye mutungamiriri weMcGill University's Hofisi yeSainzi neSosaiti (mcgill.ca/oss). Anotora The Dr. Joe Show paCJAD Radio 800 AM Svondo yega yega kubva na3 kusvika 4 pm.
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Nguva yekutumira: Oct-22-2021