Byatangiranye na spandex, igishushanyo mbonera cya "kwaguka" cyakozwe na chimiste DuPont Joseph Shivers.
Mu 1922, Johnny Weissmuller yamenyekanye cyane kubera gukina Tarzan muri firime. Yarangije metero 100 y'ubwisanzure mu masegonda 58,6 mu gihe kitarenze umunota, atangaza isi ya siporo. Ntamuntu numwe witaye cyangwa ngo abone ubwoko bwo koga yari yambaye. Ni ipamba yoroshye. Bitandukanye cyane n'ikoti ryo mu rwego rwo hejuru ryambarwa n'umunyamerika Caleb Drexel wegukanye umudari wa zahabu mu masegonda 47.02 mu mikino Olempike ya Tokiyo!
Nibyo, mugihe cyimyaka 100, uburyo bwamahugurwa bwarahindutse, nubwo Weissmuller ashimangira imibereho. Yabaye umuyoboke ukunda Dr. John Harvey Kellogg ibiryo bikomoka ku bimera, enema na siporo. Imyambarire ntabwo ikomoka ku bimera. Akunda ibiryo byinyama kandi atangira umunsi we mugitondo cya karbike nyinshi. Itandukaniro nyaryo ni mumahugurwa. Drexel ikora imyitozo yumuntu kugiti cye kumashini yo koga hamwe nigare rihagaze. Ariko ntagushidikanya ko imyenda ye yo koga nayo itanga itandukaniro. Nibyo, ntabwo agaciro k amasegonda 10, ariko iyo aboga bo hejuru bambere batandukanijwe nigice cyisegonda, imyenda nuburyo bwo koga biba ngombwa cyane.
Ikiganiro icyo aricyo cyose kijyanye na tekinoroji yo koga igomba gutangirana nigitangaza cya spandex. Spandex ni ibikoresho byubukorikori bishobora kurambura nka reberi hanyuma bigasubira muburyo bwumwimerere. Ariko bitandukanye na reberi, irashobora gukorwa muburyo bwa fibre kandi irashobora kuboha mubitambara. Spandex nigishushanyo mbonera "kwaguka" cyakozwe na chimiste wa DuPont, Joseph Schiffer iyobowe na William Chachi, uzwi cyane mu guhimba selofane idafite amazi yifashisha ibikoresho bya nitrocellulose. Guhanga udushya twimikino ntabwo byari intego ya Shivers. Muri kiriya gihe, igitambara cyo mu rukenyerero gikozwe muri reberi cyari igice cy’imyenda y’abagore, ariko icyifuzo cya reberi nticyari gito. Ingorabahizi kwari ugutezimbere ibikoresho byakoreshwaga bishobora gukoreshwa mu rukenyerero.
DuPont yazanye polymers nka nylon na polyester kumasoko kandi ifite ubuhanga bunini muguhuza macromolecules. Shives itanga spandex muguhuza "blok copolymers" hamwe nibice bisimburana byoroshye kandi bikomeye. Hariho amashami ashobora gukoreshwa kuri "crosslink" molekile kugirango itange imbaraga. Igisubizo cyo guhuza spandex na pamba, imyenda, nylon cyangwa ubwoya ni ibikoresho byoroshye kandi byoroshye kwambara. Mugihe ibigo byinshi byatangiye gukora iyi myenda, DuPont yasabye ipatanti ya verisiyo ya spandex ku izina rya “Lycra”.
Mu 1973, aboga mu Budage bo mu burasirazuba bambaye imyenda yo koga ya spandex ku nshuro yabo ya mbere, baca amateka. Ibi birashobora kuba bifitanye isano no gukoresha steroid, ariko bituma ibikoresho bya Speedo bihiganwa. Iyi sosiyete yashinzwe mu 1928, ikora uruganda rukora imyenda yo koga rushingiye ku bumenyi, rusimbuza ipamba n’ubudodo mu myenda yo koga ya “Racerback” kugira ngo rugabanye guhangana. Noneho, bitewe n’ubutsinzi bw’Abadage b’Iburasirazuba, Speedo yahinduye kuri spandex hamwe na Teflon, maze akora uduce duto duto twa V tumeze nk'uruhu rw'inyanja hejuru, bivugwa ko bigabanya imvururu.
Kugeza mu 2000, ibi byari byahindutse ikositimu yumubiri yuzuye igabanya ubukana, kuko wasangaga amazi yumira ku ruhu cyane kuruta ibikoresho byo koga. Muri 2008, ingamba za polyurethane zashyizwe mubikorwa byasimbuye polytetrafluoroethylene. Iyi myenda ubu igizwe na Lycra, nylon na polyurethane wasangaga ifata imifuka mito yo mu kirere ituma aboga bareremba. Akarusho hano nuko kurwanya ikirere bitarenze kurwanya amazi. Ibigo bimwe bigerageza gukoresha imyenda ya polyurethane isukuye kuko ibi bikoresho bikurura umwuka neza. Hamwe na hamwe muri ibyo "gutera imbere", igihe kiragabanuka kandi ibiciro bizamuka. Ikositimu yubuhanga buhanitse irashobora kugura amadolari arenga 500.
Ijambo "ibitera tekinike" ryibasiye amagambo yacu. Mu mwaka wa 2009, Ikigo mpuzamahanga cyo koga (FINA) cyafashe icyemezo cyo kuringaniza umurima no guhagarika imyenda yose yo koga y’umubiri wose hamwe n’imyenda yo koga ikozwe mu myenda idoda. Ibi ntabwo byahagaritse isiganwa ryo kunoza imyenda, nubwo umubare wimibiri yumubiri bashobora gutwikira ubu ari muto. Ku mikino Olempike yabereye i Tokiyo, Speedo yatangije indi koti idasanzwe ikozwe mu bice bitatu by'imyenda itandukanye, umwirondoro we ni amakuru yihariye.
Spandex ntabwo igarukira gusa kwoga. Abakina umukino wo gusiganwa ku magare, kimwe n’abatwara amagare, bakanda mu ikositimu yoroshye kugira ngo bagabanye ikirere. Imyenda y'imbere y'abagore iracyafite igice kinini cyubucuruzi, ndetse spandex niyo ikora mo amaguru na jans, kunyunyuza umubiri mumwanya ukwiye kugirango uhishe ibibyimba bitemewe. Kubijyanye no guhanga udushya two koga, birashoboka ko abahatana bazatera imibiri yabo yambaye ubusa hamwe na polymer runaka kugirango bakureho imyenda yo koga! Erega, abanya Olympique ba mbere barushanwe bambaye ubusa.
Joe Schwarcz ni umuyobozi wibiro bya siyansi na societe ya kaminuza ya McGill (mcgill.ca/oss). Yakiriye Dr. Joe Show kuri CJAD Radio 800 AM buri cyumweru guhera saa tatu kugeza saa kumi
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Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukwakira-22-2021