Zinayamba ndi spandex, anagram yanzeru "yokulitsa" yopangidwa ndi katswiri wamankhwala wa DuPont Joseph Shivers.
Mu 1922, Johnny Weissmuller adatchuka chifukwa chosewera Tarzan mufilimuyi. Anamaliza ma freestyle a mita 100 mu masekondi 58.6 pasanathe mphindi imodzi, zomwe zidadabwitsa dziko lamasewera. Palibe amene ankasamala kapena kuona kuti wavala zovala zosambira zotani. Ndi thonje losavuta. Zili zosiyana kwambiri ndi suti yaukadaulo wapamwamba yomwe Caleb Drexel waku America adavala yemwe adapambana mendulo yagolide mumasekondi 47.02 pamasewera a Olimpiki a Tokyo!
Zachidziwikire, pazaka 100, njira zophunzitsira zasintha, ngakhale Weissmuller amatsindika za moyo. Anakhala wotsatira kwambiri wa zakudya zamasamba za Dr. John Harvey Kellogg, enema ndi masewera olimbitsa thupi. Dressel si wamasamba. Amakonda buledi wa nyama ndipo amayamba tsiku lake ndi chakudya cham'mawa cham'mawa. Kusiyana kwenikweni kuli mu maphunziro. Drexel amaphunzitsa munthu payekhapayekha pa intaneti pamakina opalasa ndi njinga zoyima. Koma n’zosakayikitsa kuti suti yake yosambira imasinthanso. Zoonadi osati mtengo wa masekondi a 10, koma pamene osambira apamwamba masiku ano amasiyanitsidwa ndi kachigawo kakang'ono, nsalu ndi kalembedwe ka swimsuit zimakhala zofunika kwambiri.
Kukambitsirana kulikonse kokhudza ukadaulo wa swimsuit kuyenera kuyamba ndi chozizwitsa cha spandex. Spandex ndi chinthu chopangidwa chomwe chimatha kutambasula ngati mphira ndikubwerera mwamatsenga ku mawonekedwe ake oyambirira. Koma mosiyana ndi mphira, ukhoza kupangidwa ngati ulusi ndipo ukhoza kuwomba kukhala nsalu. Spandex ndi anagram yanzeru "yokulitsa" yopangidwa ndi katswiri wa zamankhwala ku DuPont Joseph Schiffer motsogozedwa ndi William Chachi, yemwe amadziwika kuti amapanga cellophane yopanda madzi popaka zinthuzo ndi wosanjikiza wa nitrocellulose. Kupanga zovala zamasewera sikunali cholinga choyambirira cha Shivers. Panthaŵiyo, zomangira m’chiuno zopangidwa ndi labala zinali zofala kwambiri pa zovala za akazi, koma kufunika kwa labala kunali kochepa. Vutoli linali lopanga zinthu zopangira zomangira m’chiuno ngati njira ina.
DuPont yabweretsa ma polima monga nayiloni ndi poliyesitala pamsika ndipo ali ndi ukadaulo wambiri pakupanga ma macromolecules. Shivers imapanga spandex popanga "block copolymers" ndi zigawo zotanuka komanso zolimba. Palinso nthambi zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito "crosslink" mamolekyu kuti apereke mphamvu. Zotsatira za kuphatikiza spandex ndi thonje, nsalu, nylon kapena ubweya ndi zinthu zomwe zimakhala zotanuka komanso zomasuka kuvala. Makampani ambiri atayamba kupanga nsaluyi, DuPont adafunsira patent ya mtundu wake wa spandex pansi pa dzina loti "Lycra".
Mu 1973, osambira a ku East Germany anavala zovala zosambira za spandex kwa nthawi yoyamba, akuphwanya mbiri. Izi zitha kukhala zokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ma steroids, koma zimapangitsa kuti Speedo ayambe kupikisana nawo. Yakhazikitsidwa mu 1928, kampaniyo ndi opanga masewera osambira a sayansi, m'malo mwa thonje ndi silika mu "Racerback" yake yosambira kuti achepetse kukana. Tsopano, motsogozedwa ndi kupambana kwa East Germany, Speedo anasintha n'kuyamba kupaka spandex ndi Teflon, ndi kupanga timizere ting'onoting'ono tooneka ngati V ngati chikopa cha shaki pamtunda, zomwe akuti zimachepetsa chipwirikiti.
Pofika m'chaka cha 2000, izi zidasintha kukhala suti yathunthu yomwe idachepetsanso kukana, popeza madzi adapezeka kuti amamatira pakhungu molimba kuposa zida zosambira. Mu 2008, mapanelo a polyurethane adalowa m'malo mwa polytetrafluoroethylene. Nsalu iyi tsopano yopangidwa ndi Lycra, nayiloni ndi polyurethane inapezeka kuti imatsekera timatumba ta mpweya tomwe timapangitsa osambira kuyandama. Ubwino apa ndikuti kukana kwa mpweya kumakhala kochepa kuposa kukana madzi. Makampani ena amayesa kugwiritsa ntchito suti zoyera za polyurethane chifukwa zinthuzi zimayamwa mpweya bwino. Ndi chilichonse mwa "zopambana" izi, nthawi imachepa ndipo mitengo imakwera. Suti yapamwamba kwambiri tsopano ikhoza kuwononga ndalama zoposa $500.
Mawu akuti "zolimbikitsa luso" adalowa m'mawu athu. Mu 2009, bungwe la International Swimming Administration (FINA) linaganiza zoyendetsa bwino ntchito ndi kuletsa zovala zonse zosambira za thupi lonse komanso zosambira zopangidwa ndi nsalu zopanda nsalu. Izi sizinayimitse mpikisano wokonza suti, ngakhale kuchuluka kwa malo omwe amatha kuphimba tsopano ndi ochepa. Pamasewera a Olimpiki a ku Tokyo, Speedo adayambitsanso suti ina yatsopano yopangidwa ndi zigawo zitatu za nsalu zosiyanasiyana, zomwe zidziwitso zake ndi za eni ake.
Spandex sikuti ndi zovala zosambira zokha. Othamanga, monga oyendetsa njinga, amafinya mu suti yosalala ya spandex kuti achepetse kulimba kwa mpweya. Zovala zamkati za akazi zimakhalabe ndi gawo lalikulu la bizinesi, ndipo spandex imapanganso ma leggings ndi jeans, kufinya thupi kuti likhale loyenera kubisala zosavomerezeka. Ponena za luso losambira, mwina ochita mpikisano amangopaka matupi awo amaliseche ndi polima kuti athetse kukana kulikonse! Kupatula apo, Olympians oyamba adapikisana maliseche.
Joe Schwarcz ndi director of McGill University's Office of Science and Society (mcgill.ca/oss). Amakhala ndi The Dr. Joe Show pa CJAD Radio 800 AM Lamlungu lililonse kuyambira 3 mpaka 4 pm
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Nthawi yotumiza: Oct-22-2021